Glossary of Spa Terms

A's

Abhyanga: Massage with oil provided by one, two or more therapists.

Acne: Is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the skin, usually related to hormonal changes and overactive sebeaceous glands. Symptoms include: redness, blemishes, pimples and blackheads and is found on the face, shoulders and back. Also known as acne simplex or acne vulgaris. The 4 main causes of acne include: 1) excessive sebum/oil production, 2) abnormal desquamation, 3) proliferation of propione bacteria and 4) inflammation.

Aesthetician (or Esthetician): A person devoted to, or professionally occupied with, skin health and beauty.

Aesthetics (or Esthetics): From the Greek word, aesthetikos, meaning "perceptible to the senses," a branch of anatomical science that deals with the overall health and well-being of the skin, the largest organ of the human body.

Aging Skin: Skin that is maturing and is showing signs of aging with fine lines and wrinkles, hyperpigmentation and loss of elasticity. Genetics and environment are factors that contribute to aging skin and skin starts to mature from age 19.

Algae: Alga (singular) is the Latin word for seaweed. Rich in antioxidants, Algae occur in all marine and terrestrial ecosystems of the world wherever there is water and range from unicellular to multicellular forms. Algae contain minerals and vitamins A and E and help clarify, moisturize, nourish, heal and regenerate the skin and protect it from exposure to the elements if applied topically or taken as food. They can also improve the appearance of dark circles around the eyes and protect sensitive skin. They also have anti-irritant and antibacterial properties.

Alginate: A substance found in seaweed that has therapeutic properties for skin and body and is often used as a thickening agent in cosmetics.

Allantoin (Comfrey Extract): Derived from the comfrey plant or uric acid, allantoin is a healing and soothing botanical extract. It's anti-irritant and non-allergenic and is especially calming and moisturizing for dry skin, mature skin and Rosacea. It also helps treat dry, damaged hair, and soothe and heal scalp irritations. Caution: Do not ingest.

Allergic Reaction: An abnormal reaction to a particular substance like nickel, plants or leather. It can show up within a couple of minutes of exposure or as late as 48 hours after exposure. An allergic reaction does not occur with the first exposure to a substance.

Alpha Hydroxi Acids (AHA's): AHA's are naturally-occuring mild acids (glycolic, citric, lactic, malic and tartaric) used to exfoliate the skin. AHA's exfoliate by loosening the bonds between dead corneum cells and dissolve the intercellular cement. Acids also stimulate cell renewal. AHA's reveal the next layer of skin, reduce the signs of aging and improve texture of skin.

Ampoules: Small, sealed vials containing a single application of highly concentrated extracts in a water or oil base.

Analgesic:Pain relieving.

Anti-inflammatory: Stops inflammation.

Antibacterial: Kills bacteria and can be used to treat infections.

Antifungal: Stops the growth of fungi or mold.

Alginate (or Algin or Alginic Acid): A viscous gel found in brown algae that forms a protective, therapeutic, hydrating, soothing, and calming coating when applied to the skin. Because it absorbs water quickly, the powder is often added to detoxifying and slimming body wraps. It's also often used as a thickening and emulsifying agent in cosmetics.

Antioxidants: Free radical scavengers, vitamins and ingredients. They also inhibit oxidation (rust). They are used both to help the condition of the skin and to stop oxidation that causes products to turn rancid or spoil.

Antiseptic: An agent that prevents or stops the growth of microorganisms and therefore infections.

Antispasmodic: Relieves muscle cramps.

Antiviral: Does not allow a virus to grow.

Aromatherapy: The therapeutic use of plant aromas and essential oils for beauty and health treatment purposes.

Astringents: Liquids that help remove excess oil on the skin. Astringents tight the skin and remove oils and are stronger than a toner.

Atomizer: A device that breaks down a watery product into a fine mist for spraying on to the body.

Aura Mist: An aromatherapy body mist that is sprayed in a high arch over the guest from head to toes at the end of a spa treatment. The mist should have a different aroma from the treatment products and will fill the room with a refreshing and energizing scent.

Auriculotherapy: Is a healing technique similar to ear reflexology. Practitioners use a low light laser to stimulate energy in certain points in the ear which then transfers to the rest of the body. It is very helpful in the treatment of addiction, anxiety, back pain, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, common cold, depression, high blood pressure, insomnia, neck and shoulder pain and tension, stress, and weight loss, etc., etc., etc.

Ayurveda: A 5000-year-old traditional and natural healing system from India that offers keys for creating harmony and balance in life. The philosophy is based on the belief that everything in the universe is composed of five elements: space, air, fire, water and earth and specific combinations of these five elements form the three doshas which are: vata, pitta and kapha. Each person on the planet has all five elements and all three doshas to some degree and that combination will show up in their body type, mental and emotional disposition, and personality. Many Western spas include elements of Ayurveda into their spa philosphy and treatments because of the focus on wellness, positive life choices, relaxation, exercise, detoxification and spirituality.

Azulene (Chamomile Extract): Derived from the chamomile plant, Azulene is used to calm and soothe sensitive skin. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and helps to minimize irritation after waxing. It can also be added to cosmetics as a blue, green or violet coloring agent. Caution: Do not use Azulene in leave-on products because there is research showing that it can cause cellular mutation when exposed to UVA light.

B's

B-Complex Vitamins: are a group of water-soluble vitamins that co-exist in the same foods. They include: Vitamin B1 (thiamine), Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), Vitamin B3 (niacin), Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), Vitamin B7 (biotin), Vitamin B9 (folic acid) and Vitamin B12 (commonly cyanocobalamin in vitamin supplements). They bolster metabolism, enhance the nervous system and help maintain healthy skin and muscle tone.

Barrier Function: Our skin's ability to create a barrier and prevent potentially harmful microorganisms and chemicals from entering our body and causing damage to tissues and organs. The skin's barrier function also reduces water loss.

Basal Cell Carcinoma: The most common and the least severe type of skin cancer, which often appears as light, pearly nodules.

Basalt: A type of igneous rock formed from the solidification of molten magma. Because it cools quickly on the earth's surface, the magma develops microscopic crystals and a smooth texture. Basalt stones hold heat better than most rock types and with the smooth texture, these stones (which are found abundantly on the beaches of Vancouver Island, among other areas) make them the best type of stones to use in hot stone massages.

Beta-Carotene: is a deep orange pigment found in brightly-coloured plants like carrots, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, and yams. The body converts beta-carotene into vitamin A. It accelerates healing, improves immunity, and improves cell turnover. It's a powerful antioxidant that destroys free radicals (molecules that damage healthy cells, speed up the aging process and can cause a number of serious diseases to develop).

Beta Hydroxy Acids (BHA's): Are exfoliating organic acids (salicylic and citric acids) that are milder that AHA's. BHA's dissolve oil and are beneficial for oily skin. BHA's reveal the next layer of skin, reduce the signs of aging and improve texture of skin.

Bioflavonoids: Biologically active flavonoids; also called vitamin P. They're considered an aid to healthy skin and found most abundantly in citrus fruits.

Blackhead (Comedone): An open comedo or blackhead. A mass of hardened sebum and skin cells in a hair follicle. When the follicle is filled with an excess of oil, a blackhead forms. It is dark because it oxidizes once it is exposed to oxygen. Closed comedones do not have a follicular opening and are called milia or whiteheads.

Blue Light: Therapeutic light that should be used only on oily skin that is bare. It contains a few heat rays, is the least penetrating and has some germicidal and chemical benefits.

Borax: Is a Boron compound that is added to many laundry detergents and cosmetics. The word borax is Arabic and this white, crystalline, mineral powder was first discovered in dry lake beds in Tibet and was transported along the Silk Road to Arabia. It's an optional ingredient in home spa recipes and is used as an emulsifier. Caution: Borax is potentially toxic so keep away from children.

Botanicals: Ingredients derived from plants.

Brain: Part of the central nervous system housed in the cranium, it's the largest and most complex nerve tissue and controls sensation, muscles, glandular activity and the power to think and feel.

C's

Caffeine: is a bitter alkaloid found in drinks like coffee, tea, and hot chocolate that helps stimulate energy. It's well-known to help reduce irritation in skin and is often included in skincare products with claims that it will reduce cellulite or puffy eyes if applied topically. Caffeine does have potential as an antioxidant and drinking caffeinated beverages will encourage weight loss. Caffeine can be toxic in high doses but consuming it in moderation poses no health problems, other than perhaps disrupted sleep.

Calamine Lotion: is a pink mixture of zinc oxide and iron oxide which soothes itchy and irritated skin and helps calm acne, sunburn, eczema, rashes, chicken pox, poison ivy, insect bites, bee stings and contact dermatitis.

Calcium: is a soft-gray alkaline earth metal found in the earth's crust. It plays an important role in a healthy diet as it helps keep bones strong. Good food sources of calcium include: almonds, beans, blackstrap molasses, broccoli, chard, cheese, chicory greens, collard greens, dandelion leaves, eggshell, figs, hazelnuts, milk, okra, pistachio nuts, quinoa, rhubarb, rutabaga, seaweeds, sesame seeds, and spinach. Calcium can also be used to help relieve insomnia.

Calories: Heat units that measure food energy for the body.

Callus: A small area of thickened skin that is caused by continuous friction, pressure or repetitive irritation.

Capsaicin: Is the active component in chili peppers and is an irritant which produces a burning sensation upon contact with mucous membranes. It's commonly used in food and drinks to add piquancy, (heat and spice) to the taste. It's also used medicinally in topical ointments to temporarily relieve muscle pain and to reduce inflammation. Caution: It's also a potent topical irritant and can trigger dermatitis.

Carbohydrates: compounds that break down the basic chemical sugars and supply energy for the body. Simple carbohydrates, such as sugars, give instant energy and have no nutritional value. Complex carbohydrates, found in bread, pasta, rice, potatoes, cereals, release energy slowly and also contain fibre, vitamins and minerals. Wholegrain products are more nutritious than refined products because they are digested slowly, providing sustained energy.

Carrier Oils: Vegetable oils such as sweet almond oil or sunflower oil that are non-volatile and are ideal for carrying essential oils.

Chandler: A person who makes and sells candles.

Claustrophobia: The fear of being enclosed in narrow spaces.

Clay Masques: Masques that are mainly mineral in composition and draw impurities to the surface of the skin as they dry and tighten.

Cleansers: Soaps and detergents that clean the skin.

Client Consultation: A verbal communication between a practitioner or therapist with the client to determine the desired results of the treatments. Homespunspa offers a complimentary consultation appointment to help customers decide which spa treatments would benefit them most.

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) (Ubiquinone): It's a vitamin-like, fat-soluble substance present in all human cells. It protects cells and is one of many helpful antioxidants for skin. The latest research suggests that topical application of CoQ10 stimulates healthy collagen production, helps reduce the appearance of wrinkles, repairs UV damage, and lessens inflammation. Foods that contain CoQ10 include: beef, broccoli, carrots, cauliflower, chicken, corn oil, cottonseed oil, eggs, garlic, peanuts, peas, pistachios, pollock, pork, reindeer, sardines, sesame oil, soybean oil, spinach, sweet potatoes, sweet peppers, tuna, walnuts, etc.

Collagen: Fibrous, connective tissue made from protein; found in the reticular layer of the dermis which gives skin its firmness. Topically, a large, long-chain molecular protein that lies on top of the skin and binds water. It also plumps the surface of the skin and prevents water loss. It is derived from the placentas of cows or other sources.

Comedogenic: A tendency to clog follicles and cause a buildup of dead skin cells, resulting in comedones.

Comedone (Blackhead): An open comedo or blackhead. A mass of hardened sebum and skin cells in a hair follicle. When the follicle is filled with an excess of oil, a blackhead forms. It is dark because it oxidizes once it is exposed to oxygen. Closed comedones do not have a follicular opening and are called milia or whiteheads.

Contact Dermatitis (dermatitis veneneta): An inflammatory skin condition caused by contact with a substance or chemical.

Contouring Makeup Colours: These are the colours in the middle range of the palette. The provide some contrast and make features recede and make them look smaller and more defined. Apply these colours on the crease of the eyelid.

Contraindications: A factor that prohibits a treatment due to a condition. A treatment could cause harmful or negative side effects to those who have specific medical or skin conditions and therefore should be avoided.

Copper: This mineral is an important trace element for human nutrition since the body needs copper for its antioxidant properties and to absorb and utilize iron. Copper is also important for many other processes including for the synthesis of collagen and elastin and for wound healing and for antiaging. It also has skin softening properties. It's included in many multi-vitmain supplements.

Cosmeceuticals: Products intended to improve the skin's health and appearance.

Cosmetics: As defined by the FDA, cosmetics are "articles that are intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled or otherwise applied to the human body or any part thereof for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance.

Couperose Skin (or Telangiectasia): Describes capillaries that are red, distended or damaged from weakening of the capillary walls.

Cryotherapy: The therapeutic application of cold temperatures to skin.

Cuticle: A fold of skin that partly covers the border of the nail. In a pedicure or manicure, the cuticle is pushed back so the surface of the nail looks cleaner and smoother.

Cyst: A closed, abnormally developed sac containing fluid, infection or other matter located above or below the skin.

D's

Dead Sea Minerals & Dead Sea Salts: it's virtually impossible for a person to sink if they swim in the Dead Sea in Israel because of its dense mineral and salt content. Dead Sea salts baths contain high levels of potassium, sodium and magnesium which help detoxify the body and soften the skin. People swear by their healing power. Dead sea salts are composed of Magnesium Chloride which replenishes electrolytes, Potassium Chloride which is astringent, Sodium Chloride which exfoliates, Calcium Chloride which replenishes Calcium, Bromide which is relaxing, Sulfates which maintain smooth and healthy skin and Bicarbonate which has cleansing properties.

Dehydration: Lack of water. Can be dangerous.

Dermatitis: Any inflammatory condition of the skin. Various forms of lesions, such as eczema, vesicles or papules.

Dermatologist: A physician who treats skin disorders and diseases.

Dermatology: A branch of science that studies and treats the skin and its disorders.

Dermis: The live layer of connective tissue found below the epidermis.

Desincrustation: Galvanic current is used to create an alkaline chemical reaction that emulsifies or liquefies sebum and debris.

Desquamation: The process of cells travelling from the bottom layer of the epidermis (stratum germinativum) to the top layer (stratum corneum). If it happens too quickly, the extra oil makes a paste on the surface of the skin so the pores keep getting blocked. If the process is too slow, the cells get stuck in the bottom layer which creates a traffic jam. Abnormal desquamation is one of the 4 causes of acne.

Digestive System: Food passes through the digestive system, where it is broken down by acids and enzymes so that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream and used for energy and to build and repair tissues. The digestive canal is a long muscular tube made up of hollow organs such as the stomach and intestines. Digestion begins in the mouth but mostly takes place in the stomach and small intestine. Waste products of digestion are processed by the liver and kidneys and are then eliminated from the body. The digestion of food and the elimination of waste products are the foundations of good health. If food is not properly digested, then all of the necessary nutrients may not be received, and the body may become overloaded with toxins.

Dihydroxyacetone (DHA): The component in autotanning products that causes the skin cells to change colour and look tanned.

Dissolving Exfoliants: These liquid exfoliants are composed of AHA's and BHA's which remove dead skin cells from the surface of the skin, improving the skin's texture and appearance.

Dorsiflexion: Bending the top of the foot (the dorsal surface) toward the shin.

Doshas: One of three subtle energies (vata, pitta, kapha) that hold together 2 of the 5 elements. (Ayurveda).

Dry Room: A treatment room in which there is no shower or hydrotherapy equipment. To remove spa products from the body, therapists use hot, moist towels. Alternatively, guests take showers in a different area of the spa.

E's

Eczema: An inflammatory, painful itching disease of the skin, acute or chronic in nature, with dry or moist lesions, which should be seen by a dermatologist.

Edema: Swelling caused by a response to injury or infection.

Elastin: Protein fiber found in the dermis which gives skin its elasticity and firmness.

Emollients: Ingredients that lubricate, moisturize, and soften the skin by preventing or slowing water loss.

Emulsifying Wax: A wax used to emulsify and blend oil and water in creams.

Enzymatic Exfoliation: Exfoliation that relies on biological action rather than physical abrasion. This type of exfoliation needs to be rinsed off the skin. The enzymes used dissolve keratin in the skin, thereby removing dead skin cells and supporting the natural process of exfoliation.

Enzyme Peels: Enzyme products that dissolve keratin proteins (dead skin cells) and exfoliate the skin.

Epidermis: The outermost, thin, protective layer of the skin with many nerve endings.

Erythema: Redness caused by inflammation.

Essential Fatty Acids: Not to be confused with fat, Fatty acids are required by the human body for health and fuel but cannot be made in sufficient quantity and therefore must be obtained from food sources. Two essential fatty acids are linoleic acid (LA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). EFA's are anti-inflammatory and analgesic, and help regulate blood pressure, blood clotting and the immune system. In skin care, they help reduce dryness, redness, swelling, pain and itching and speed the healing of wounds.

Essential Oils: Volatile oils that are derived or extracted from aromatic plants. They have many different properties that heal the mind and body.

Esthetician (or Aesthetician): A person devoted to, or professionally occupied with, skin health and beauty. Estheticians are beauty specialists with around 300 to 1500 hours of training and their scope of practice includes skin care, hair removal and makeup application.

Esthetics (or Aesthetics): From the Greek word, aesthetikos, meaning "perceptible to the senses," a branch of anatomical science that deals with the overall health and well-being of the skin, the largest organ of the human body.

Exfoliants: Mechanical and chemical products or processes used to exfoliate the skin.

Exfoliation: The process of peeling or sloughing off dead skin cells on the outer layer of the skin. Benefits include: improvement in skin's texture and appearance, increased circulation and lymph flow, increased immunity and relaxation.

F's

Fango: The Italian word for mud. The term is used loosely to describe products that include mud, peat and clay.

Father Sebastian Kneipp: A Bavarian priest who streamlined Priessnitz's treatments and combined herbal treatments with water cures.

Fats (Lipids): Macronutrients used to produce energy in the body. The materials in the sebaceous glands that lubricate the skin.

Fitzpatrick Scale: A scale used to measure the skin type's ability to tolerate sun exposure.

Folic Acid (Vitamin B9) (Folate): Is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for many biochemical reactions and functions in the body. The human body needs this vitamin to synthesize and repair DNA. It's especially vital in aiding rapid cell division and growth and helps protect fetuses from developing health problems. It also calms and enhances the nervous system and may help with depression. Foods containing high amounts of folate include: asparagus, baker's yeast, banana, beans, beer, beets, bok choy, bread, broccoli, brussels sprouts, canned pineapple juice, cantaloupe, corn, egg yolks, grapefruit, honeydew melon, lentils, lettuce, liver, orange juice, pasta, peas, raspberry, some breakfast cereals, spinach, strawberry, sunflower seeds, tomato juice, and turnip greens.

Fomentek:A type of water bottle that is designed to lie flat on the massage table.

Fragrance: gives products their scent.

Free Radicals: "Super" oxidizers that cause an oxidation reaction and produce a new free radical in the process. They're created by highly reactive atoms or molecules (often oxygen) having an unpaired number of electrons. Free radicals are unstable and can damage DNA, causing inflammation and disease in the body. Cigarette smoke, sunlight and alcohol are 3 environmental factors that will increase free radicals.

Fructose: Fructose is a type of sugar found in plants, especially fruits, hence the name. It has water-binding properties for skin. Fructose can be sourced from honey, flowers, berries, tree fruits (like apples and peaches), and vine fruits (like grapes), and most root vegetables (like beets and carrots). Because fructose is metabolized in the liver to glucose, fructose has the lowest glycemic index (GI = 19) of all the natural sugars. However, because there is a chance that excessive consumption of fructose may be a factor in some diseases, products containing high fructose amounts are not recommended.

Functional Ingredients: Ingredients in cosmetic products that allow the products to spread, give them body and texture and give them a specific form such as a lotion, creme or gel.

Furaneol or Strawberry Furanone: is a natural organic compound used in the food and perfume industries because of its sweet strawberry aroma. It's actually found in strawberries and a variety of other fruits including pineapple. It's also present in buckwheat and tomatoes in terms of fragrance. It helps prevent and reduce infections, helps the immune system, stimulates the release of dopamine and improves quality of sleep and emotional moods.

G's

Galvanic Current Machine: A machine used by estheticians in facial treatments. The machine has 2 different applications depending on the polarity of the current that is needed. When the working electrode is the negative pole, it is used with a disincrustation solution to soften blocked sebum in pores. When it is set on the opposite polarity (when the positive pole is the working electrode), it is used to soothe the skin and encourage the absorption of a water-soluble treatment product.

Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA): is a Fatty acid used in cosmetics as an emollient, antioxidant, and cell regulator. It helps build healthy skin tissues and is an anti-inflammatory agent. It's useful in reducing the signs of aging skin and may help treat eczema. GLA is found in black currant oil and seeds, borage oil, canola oil, chia, evening primrose oil, flaxseed oil, hempseeds, soybeans, and walnuts. When taken orally, GLA has been shown to have some anticancer properties.

Germaben II: Is the registered trademark of International Specialty Products and is a clear liquid used as a preservative in home spa body care recipes. It inhibits microbial, yeast and mould growth in cosmetics like soaps, lotions, and shampoos. Unfortunately, it contains parabens which may be carcinogenic.

Glucosamine: It's one of the most common dietary supplements used by adults even though it's not a vitamin nor a mineral. It's naturally present in shellfish shells, animal bones and bone marrow and helps support joints and build healthy cartilage. It's particularly useful for people with osteoarthritis.

Glycemic Index (GI) Food List: Is a list that measures the "effect of food on blood glucose levels." It ranks foods based on how quickly the blood sugar levels will increase after ingestion. Low Glycemic Index foods are foods (like most fruits and vegetables, legumes, some whole grains, nuts, fructose, kidney beans, beets, chick peas) that rank less than 55 on the GI and they produce a small rise in blood sugar and insulin levels. Foods with a GI index between 55 and 70 (including: whole wheat products, basmati rice, sweet potatoes, sucrose, baked potatoes) are considered intermediate-GI foods. High GI index foods, where the GI numbers are more than 70, (including: white bread, most white rices, corn flakes, extruded breakfast cereals, glucose), make our blood sugar and insulin levels rise fast. It's recommended for people to eat more foods that are lower than 70 on the Glycemic Index for a healthy body weight.

Glycerin: Formed by a decomposition of oils or fats and is an excellent skin softener and humectant.

Glycolic Acid: Is an AHA that is found in various skin care products because it renews the skin by dissolving dead skin cells while deep-cleansing pores and therefore improves the skin's appearance and texture. This exfoliant occurs naturally in sugar cane, sugar beets, pineapple and cantaloupe. Caution: It's a strong irritant depending on the pH levels. It should not be ingested.

Glycolic Peel: Is a chemical peel that uses Glycolic Acid and is applied to the face and body by a dermatologist, plastic surgeon or licensed esthetician. Because it easily penetrates skin, it improves many skin conditions including smoothing wrinkles, healing scars from acne, and fading hyperpigmentation. Caution: It's a strong irritant depending on the pH levels. It should not be ingested.

Gommage: Peeling cream that is rubbed off the skin.

H's

Hamam: An Islamic bath characterized by a vaulted ceiling and a raised, heated marble platform called a hararat, which is used for massage or exfoliation.

Healing Agents: Substances such as chamomile or aloe that help to heal the skin.

Heart: A cone-shaped, muscular organ that keeps the blood moving within the circulatory system of the body.

Herbal Infusions: Sheets, bath towels or hand towels are soaked in herbal infusions (herbs steeped in water) and applied to the body for therapeutic purposes.

Herbs: Along with plant extracts, herbs contain phytohormones. Hundreds of different herbs are used in skin care products and cosmetics because they heal, stimulate, soothe and moisturize.

High Frequency Machine: Machine that generates a rapidly oscillating current that is transmitted through glass electrodes. The current produces heat in the skin, which stimulates circulation. It also produces ozone, which acts as a germicide to kill bacteria.

Highlighting Makeup Colours: These are the lightest and brightest colours of the palette and make features appear larger.

Homeostasis: The body's ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite changing external conditions.

Hormones: Secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and then carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body or body organ to stimulate functional activity or secretion.

Humectants (Hydrators): Ingredients that attract water. Humectants draw moisture to the skin and soften its surface, diminishing lines caused by dryness. Glycerin is a humectant used in creams and lotions.

Hurley/Osborn Technique: Is a healing technique originally developed in the 1920's by Dr. John Hurley, a structural engineer and chiropractor. It's based on the body's relationship to gravity and when the sacrum is out of alignment from tension, stress, illness or injury, the muscles supporting the spine become stressed, which then causes discomfort in the body. The technique helps promote rest, relaxation, healing and regeneration by releasing muscle tension through subtle adjustment to the sacrum. Prior to 2001, this technique was known as "Aquarian-Age Healing."

Hydrotherapy: The use if water in one of its 3 forms (liquid, solid or vapour) at specific temperatures for therapeutic purposes.

Hyperpigmentation: Overproduction of pigment in the skin.

I's

Interferons: Proteins secreted by some cells that protect them (and other cells) from viral infection.

Immunity: Ability of the body to resist infection and destroy pathogens that have infected the body.

Infection: The invasion of body tissues by disease-causing pathogenic bacteria.

Inflammation: Condition in which a part of the body reacts to protect itself from injury, irritation, or infection, characterized by redness, heat, pain and swelling. It is one of the 4 causes of acne.

Irritated Skin: A skin condition resulting from a reaction to a substance. It can show up as redness, rash or dry spots.

J's

Jessner's Peel: A light to medium peel of lactic acid, salicylic acid and resorcinol in an ethanol solvent.

Joint: The connection between 2 or more bones of the skeleton.

K's

Kapha: A dosha that is a combination of earth and water elements. (Ayurveda).

Keratin: Fiber protein found in skin, hair and nails which provides resiliency and protection to the skin.

The Kur System: A German medical system that includes spa treatments as part of a wider system for health and wellness. In Germany and in other European countries, Kur treatments are medically prescribed and paid for by the national health care system.

L's

Lactic Acid: Derived from milk, this natural alpha-hydroxi acid gently cleanses, exfoliates and moisturizes skin, making it appear fresh, bright, and healthy.

Learned Odour Response: A response that occurs when an odor is paired with a person, place or thing and therefore forms a memory link. Please read the blog post: "Let your sense of smell guide you home this Christmas."

Lecithin: is a natural moisturizer and antioxidant found in egg yolks and the membranes of plant and animal cells. It's widely used in cosmetics as an emollient and water-binding agent.

Light-Emitting Diode (LED): Depending on the type of equipment, the LED can be blue, red, yellow or green. LED in blue has been shown to reduce acne and red is good for increasing circulation and improving the collagen content in the skin. Yellow light has been shown to reduce swelling and inflammation and green light is good for hyperpigmented areas.

Limbic System: The oldest part of the brain where olfactory signals activate smell-related responses.

Linoleic Acid: Omega 6, an essential fatty acid, used to make important hormones. Also part of the skin's lipid barrier.

Lipids: Fats or fatlike substances. Lipids help repair and protect the barrier function of the skin.

Lungs: Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide during one respiratory cycle.

Luxury Spa: A spa with exceptional accommodations, a full range of treatments, the latest advances in spa technology, a full array of wet-room equipment and a well-trained staff.

Lycopene: is a red pigment that has potent antioxidant and cancer-fighting properties and can be found in fruits and vegetables like: gac, tomatoes, watermelons, pink grapefruit and papaya.

M's

Macronutrients: Nutrients that make up the largest part of the nutrition we take in and are found in the 3 basic food groups (protein, carbohydrates and fats). Carbohydrates and fats provide energy to the body while protein provides the building blocks necessary for cell growth and repair.

Malignant Melanoma: The most serious form of skin cancer. Black or dark patches on the skin are usually uneven in texture, jagged or raised.

Marma Points: Invisible points in the body where energy streams converge. You can find them on the hands and feet among other places. Focusing on them will help balance energy in the body.

Masques (Masks): Ingredients such as herbs, vitamins and oils combined with clay, seaweed or hydrating bases used to treat the skin.

Mechanical Exfoliation: A physical process in which the body is rubbed with an abrasive product or with a coarse handheld item such as a loofah.

Medical Esthetics: Integration of surgical procedures and esthetic treatments.

Melanin: Skin pigment and defense mechanism to protect skin from the sun.

Melatonin: is a potent antioxidant and hormone produced in the pineal gland which regulates the body's circadian rhythms and sleep-wake cycles. Nightfall triggers an increase in the production of melatonin in the body which prepares us for sleep and low melatonin levels at night may account for insomnia in some adults. Eating a handful of tart cherries, (a good food source of melatonin) before bedtime, may help increase melatonin levels in the blood, which will promote restful sleep. Please read the blog post, "Top off your day with a Cherry."

Micronutrients: Vitamins, minerals and substances that have no calories or nutritional value but are essential to our body's functions. They do no in themselves provide energy, but macronutrients depend on micronutrients to release energy from food.

Milia (Whiteheads): Milia are whitish, pearl-like masses of sebum and dead cells under the skin. Milia are more common in dry skin types and may form after skin trauma, such as laser resurfacing.

Minerals: Naturally-occuring substances that play a crucial role in the body's metabolic processes. These inorganic materials are required for the body's cells to function properly.

Mobile Spa: A business that offers health, wellnes and spa treatments to people in their homes, hotel rooms, or offices. Also known as a travelling spa.

Mole: A brownish spot ranging in colour from tan to bluish black. Some are flat, resembling freckles while others are raised and darker.

Moor Mud: A low-moor peat from the Neydharting Moor in Austria that is well-known for its anti-inflammatory effects.

Mucilage: A gelatinous substance composed of proteins and polysaccharides found in plants and animals that is extracted for cosmetic purposes from plants such as seaweeds. It lends a creaminess to cosmetics which also moisturizes and protects the skin.

Mud: Soft, wet earth that is mainly mineral in composition. Mud is a mixture of rock and plant-derived organic matter.

N's

Nail Technician: A certified or licensed practitioner who provides care for the nails or applies, repairs or decorates gel or acrylic nails.

Natural Immunity: An inherent resistance to disease.

Nerve Tissue: Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions.

Nerves: Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted.

Nervous system: Body system composed of the brain, spinal cord and nerves. It controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently.

O's

Olfactory Response: Olfaction is the sense of smell. An olfactory response includes the mental, emotional or spiritual changes that may be elicited by an aroma. Please read the blog post: "Let your sense of smell guide you home this Christmas."

Olfactory System: Gives us our sense of smell, which is the strongest of the 5 senses.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Alphalinolenic acid, a type of good polyunsaturated fat that may decrease cardiovascular diseases. It is also an anti-inflammatory and is beneficial for the skin. Please read the blog post: "O.M.G. — Omega 3."

Oxidation: A reaction that occurs when chemicals in essential oils interact with the oxygen that is present in the air which results in degradation of the oil.

Oxygen: The most abundant element on earth.

P's

Papain: is an enzyme extracted from papaya which helps exfoliate skin and remove dead skin cells in enzyme peels without being abrasive. It may cause severe skin irritation.

Papillary Layer: The top layer of the dermis (layer of the skin), next to the epidermis.

Papule: A pimple or small elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus.

Parabens: are chemicals that are used as preservatives in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. They have bactericidal and fungicidal properties and can be found in commercially-made moisturizers, shampoos, spray tanning products and make-up, etc. Their use is becoming increasingly controversial because they may be carcinogenic. Please see the blog post: 12 not-so-pretty cosmetics ingredients.

Paraffin Wax: Is a waxy, petroleum-based substance that is widely used in spas and in the production of cosmetics. For a special treat, dip your hands and feet in melted paraffin spa bath to soften your skin and relax your mind but shea butter is a greener alternative. Caution: Do not leave melting paraffin unattended as it is flammable.

Peat: Partially carbonized organic tissue formed by decomposition in water of various plants but mainly in mosses of the genus Sphagnum.

Pectin: From the Greek word, "pektikos," which means "congealed or curdled," pectin is a whitish powder, mainly extracted from citrus fruits like apples, apricots, cherries, oranges, plums and strawberries. It's used as a gelling and stabilizing agent in jams, jellies, medicines, sweets, beverages and as a source of dietary fiber. Pectin is also used in the formulation of cosmetics, body and hand creams, makeup foundations, and hair products as a skin-friendly emulsifier.

Pedicure: A treatment in which the foot is soaked, calluses are reduced, the nails are trimmed and filed, the cuticles are pushed back and trimmed, the nails are buffed and the nails get an application of polish.

Petroleum Jelly: is a pale, yellow, transluscent, mineral jelly that is insoluble in water. It's an occlusive agent that holds in water and helps the barrier layer in skin. It protects skin as it heals and is commonly used in lip salves and cosmetics. It does not turn rancid when exposed to air. The raw material for petroleum jelly, or "rod wax", as the drillers called it, was discovered in 1859 in Pennsylvania, on one of the country's first oil rigs. Chemist, Robert Chesebrough, heard about it and took the unrefined black substance back to his laboratory to refine it and explore its potential uses. He patented the refining process in 1872 and named his product Vaseline.

Photoaging: A process that involves UVA and UVB rays from the sun that accelerates aging and damage to skin.

Pitta: A dosha that is a combination of fire and water. (Ayurveda).

Plantar Flexion: Bending the bottom of the foot downward as in when you point your toes.

Polysaccharides: A class of long-chain sugars composed of monsaccharides that are often used in skin care as antioxidants and water-binding agents.

Poultice: A cloth filled with heated herbs (like comfrey), clay or a medicated product and is then applied to wounds or an injury for healing purposes.

Pores: A tubelike opening for sweat glands on the epidermis.

Protein: A daily supply of protein, found in meat, poultry, fish, eggs, nuts, and beans, is essential for cell growth, maintenance and repair. Everybody needs 2 or 3 servings of protein per day, but most people in Western cultures eat more protein than they need, which is then converted into fat.

Pumice: Is a rock with an average porosity of 90% that forms while in motion as it is being expelled from an erupting volcano. Colours range from white, cream, grey, brown to black. It's used in cosmetic exfoliants, and especially on feet to remove dry skin and callouses. Finely ground pumice stone is also added to some toothpastes as a mild, mechanical scrub.

Prakriti: The constitution or inherent characteristics of a person, including his/her physical body type, mental type and emotional type. (Ayurveda).

Propione Bacteria: Is the bacteria responsible for acne and is generated by abnormal desquamation.

Proteins: Chains of amino acid molecules used in all cell functions and body growth.

Psoriasis: A skin disease characterized by red patches covered with white silver scales that are usually found on the scalp, elbows, knees, chest and lower back. It is caused by overproliferation of skin cells that replicate too rapidly. Immune dysfunction could be the cause.

Pus: a fluid containing white blood cells, bacteria and other debris produced from an infection.

Pustule: An inflamed papule with a white or yellow center containing pus.

Q's

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (Quats): Disinfectants that are considered non-toxic, odourless and fast acting.

Quaternium 15: An all-purpose preservative active against bacteria, mold and yeast. It's probably the greatest formaldehyde releaser among cosmetic preservatives and causes dermatitis and allergies.

Quenching: Process that occurs when the action of one compound in an essential oil is suppressed by another compound, therefore making the oil safer to use.

R's

Red Light: Therapeutic light used on dry skin in combination with oils and creams. It penetrates the deepest and produces the most heat.

Reflexology: A holistic therapy that is based on the belief that specific points on the hands, ears and feet correspond to specific areas of the body, including the organs and glands. Please read the blog post "Are you a Walking Coat Hanger Part 2."

Resveratrol: Is a potent antioxidant found in red grapes that protects and maintains healthy skin cells. It also has significant anti-inflammatory properties.

Reticular Layer: The deeper layer of the dermis, containing proteins that give the skin its strength and elasticity.

Retinoic Acid (Retin-A). A vitamin A derivative. It has demonstrated an ability to alter collagen synthesis and is used to treat acne and visible signs of aging. There are possible side effects associated that include: irritation, photosensitivity, skin dryness, redness and peeling. It is also contraindicated to waxing.

Rosacea (Acne Rosacea): Is a skin disease characterised by redness, inflammation, dilated capillaries, congestion and possibly the formation of papules and pustules in severe cases. Most commonly found on the cheeks and nose, the skin is very senstive and should be treated with gentle care. It's caused by poor digestion, faulty elimination, over-indulgence in alcohol, spicy foods, over-exposure to extreme climates and hyperactivity.

S's

Salicytic Acid: Salicytic acid (and its related substances, sodium salicylate and willow extract), is the most widely used BHA in cosmetics.

Sand: Is found on shorelines all over the world and walking barefoot on powdery and gritty sand massages the soles of your feet and scrubs away dead skin. And the extra effort it takes to walk on the shifting grains, adds a little kick to your exercise routine. Sand definetely belongs in the spa environment. Please read the blog post: "Make a sand and sea centerpiece for your home spa."

Sanitation Protocol: The spa or clinic's procedure for keeping the facility clean and disinfected during operation.

Seaweed: Multicellular marine-based algae that fall into one of three main groups: green algae, brown algea and red algae.

Sebaceous Glands: Sebaceous glands are connected to the hair follicles in the reticular layer of the skin. They produce sebum which protects the surface of the skin.

Seborrhea: Severe oiliness of the skin. An abnormal secretion from the sebaceous glands.

Sebum: Provides protection for the epidermis from external factors and lubricates both the skin and hair.

Shirodhara: The application of a thin stream of oil to the forehead to reduce vata disorders and bring calm to the mind and body.

Sensitive Skin: A skin type and skin condition that burns easily and may react to products, stimulation or heat. It may show up with broken capillaries, redness, dehydration and hyperpigmentation.

Signature Spa Treatment: A special treatment that is only offered by one spa. It's designed to highlight the spa's unique features and particular strengths.

Silicone: One of the elements present in seaweed that binds water to the skin and gives a silky feel to cosmetics.

Skin Tag: Small outgrowths or extensions of the skin that look like flaps. They are benign and are common under the arms or on the neck. They can be removed with Cryotherapy (dry ice).

Silver: Is a metallic element that can be added to cosmetics for its disinfecting properties. Caution: prolonged contact with silver can turn skin grayish-blue and it can be irritating to skin and it can cause silver toxicity.

Skin Types: Classification that describes a person's genetic skin type.

Skin-identical Ingredient or Skin-repairing Ingredient: Refers to the substances between skin cells (intercellular matrix) that keep skin tissues connected and help maintain skin's fundamental structure. They are substances like antioxidants that are found naturally in skin and help the skin function normally, fight environmental stress and improve skin's texture. For example, Glycerin and Jojoba Oil are considered skin-identical ingredients because they are highly compatible with skin.

Spa: A commercial establishment that provides health and wellness treatments.

Spa Menu: Like a menu in a restaurant, a spa menu lists all of the services that a client could "order" when visiting.

Spa Party: People receive spa treatments in a group setting to celebrate a special occasion like a birthday party or bridal shower.

Spa Philosophy: The fundamental beliefs that an individual or business holds about health, wellness and beauty.

Spa Therapy: A general term for a wide range of treatment methods or techniques used by various professionals in different settings to support health and wellness.

Spa Treatment: A general term for a treatment that uses water, specialized products, and various techniques to bring about relaxation or support overall health and wellness.

Sphagnum: A genus of mosses that grows only in wet acid areas where their remains are compacted over time to form peat.

Squalene: is derived from green olives, wheatgerm oil and rice bran oil. Because it's also found in human sebum, it makes a great addition in skin care recipes. It's used in cosmetics as a natural lubricant, emollient and moisturizer. It's rich in vitamins A, D, E and prevents moisture loss and helps restore skin suppleness and flexibility. It's nourishing for mature skin and rosacea.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A skin cancer than is characterized by scaly red papules or nodules and is more serious than basal cell carcinoma.

Stearic Acid: is a Fatty acid used as an emollient in cosmetics, It also acts as an agent that helps keep other ingredients intact in a product formulation.

Stratum Corneum: The outermost layer of the epidermis of the skin that provides the skin with its barrier function.

Sulfur: A chemical element that is an important constituent of many proteins and is often found in thermal pools and in some therapeutic muds. Sulfur is believed to reduce oxidative stress on the body and is used to treat arthritis, sore muscles, skin diseases and other conditions.

Swiss Shower: A shower stall that has pipes in all four corners with 8 to 16 water heads coming off each pipe.

Synergy: When the whole is greater than the sum of its parts and those parts are mutually enhancing.

T's

T-zone: The center area of the face. The "T" corresponds to the "T" shape formed by the forehead, nose and chin.

Taila: Medicated massage oil that is made by cooking herbs into a fatty base such as sesame oil or coconut oil.

Tan: An increase in pigmentation in the skin resulting from an increase in melanin production after exposure to UV rays. Melanin is designed to help protect the skin from the sun's UV rays.

Tannic acid: Is used as an aroma compound, clarifying agent, colour stabilizer and taste enhancer in the food and beverage industries (particularly in beer, soft drinks and wine). It's a potent antioxidant and may have some anticarcinogenic properties. It also has been shown to accelerate blood clotting and reduce blood pressure. Folklore wisdom suggests soaking feet in a strong tea bath (which has tannic acid) to treat blisters, foot odour, and rough, dry feet.

Telangiectasia (Couperose Skin): Describes capillaries that have been damaged and are now larger and may show as distended blood vessels.

Terme: Thermal bath. From the Greek therme meaning heat and thermal meaning of or related to hot springs.

Textural Elements: The word texture describes the varied sensations the therapist creates during the treatment by paying attention to what the client sees, hears, smells, tastes and feels.

Thalassotherapy: The use of marine environments and sea products, including seawater, sea mud, seaweed and seafood for healing and wellness.

Thermal Mud: Mud that comes from the areas around hot springs. It can be applied at the site while still hot from the spring water or it can be extracted and heated for later application elsewhere.

Thermogenesis: Also known as heat production, thermogenesis is an essential process in all warm-blooded animals. Our body can produce heat through exercise, shivering and within the fat cells themselves. Generating heat helps increase metabolism and therefore helps with weight loss.

Thermotherapy: The therapeutic application of heat.

Titanium Dioxide: Is an inorganic, inert earth mineral that provides non-chemical sun protection by reflecting UV rays, without the risk of skin irritation. When applied to the face and body as a sunscreen lotion, in makeup, and in daytime moisturizers, it remains on the surface of the skin and effectively scatters and bounces UV light. Titanium Dioxide is also used as a thickening, whitening, and lubricating ingredient in cosmetics. Because of its gentleness, Titanium Dioxide is an excellent sunscreen for use on sensitive or rosacea-affected skin and around the eyes. Look for micronized Titanium Dioxide which has been purified of lead, iron and other contaminants and is coated. Micronized Titanium Dioxide improves spreadability of the product, increases stability and provides better sun protection overall.

Toners: Liquids that tone and tighten the skin.

Tourmaline: is classified as a semi-precious stone and the gem comes in a wide variety of colors from black, bluish-black, brown, green, red, yellow, pink, etc. Multicolored crystals are common and there's even a name for the crystals that are green on the outside and pink on the inside: "Watermelon Tourmaline." This gemstone is mined mostly in Brazil and Africa and is sometimes added as a mineral powder to cosmetics because it boosts the effectiveness of the other ingredients in the formula and creates a more radiant complexion. Curiously, Tourmaline is piezoelectric, which means it generates an electrical charge when under pressure and during a temperature change.

Transdermal: the ability to be absorbed into the body through the skin (during spa treatments) and the lungs (when you breathe in the ocean air). We can absorb Iodine transdermally, for example.

U's

Ubtan: An herbal paste that is applied externally to the body and is used to support detoxification and smooth the skin.

Ultramarines: Are inorganic pigments and colouring agents used in soapmaking and cosmetics. They come in various colors including blue, pink and violet and are for external use only.

Ultraviolet (UV) Rays: Invisible rays that have short wavelengths, are the least penetrating rays, produce chemical effects and kill germs. Also called cold rays or actinic rays.

Universal Precautions: The policy of the Centers for Disease Control on blood and body fluids which are potentially infectious.

UVA Rays: Longer, aging rays that come from the sun, that penetrate the dermis and go deeper into the skin than UVB rays. Sometimes they're referred to as "aging rays." They may cause photosensitivity reactions.

UVB Rays: Shorter, burning rays that are stronger than UVA rays. They're lso known as "burning rays." They are the primary rays associated with skin damage and cancer from the sun. They penetrate the epidermis and are strongest between 10am and 3pm.

V's

Vata: A dosha that is a combination of space and air. (Ayurveda).

Vichy Shower: A horizontal rod with holes or water heads that rains water from above a wet table down onto clients.

Vikriti: The unbalancing effect of an individual's diet, environment, stress level, mental or emotional trauma, relationships or physical injury has on their prakriti (dosha constitution). The unbalanced state is referred to as a vikriti state.

Visible Light: The primary source of light used in facial and scalp treatments.

Vitamin A (Retinol): An antioxidant that aids in the functioning and repair of skin cells.

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): An antioxidant vitamin needed for proper repair of the skin and tissues.

Vitamin D: Sometimes called the "sunshine vitamin," because the skin synthesize this fat-soluble vitamin from cholesterol when exposed to sunlight. It's essential for growth and development and may help with S.A.D. Please read the blog post: "It's Vitamin D Day."

Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Primarily an antioxidant that helps protect the skin from harmful effects of the sun's rays.

Vitamin F: a name that is sometimes used to represent skin-friendly linoleic acid and linolenic acid, (essential fatty acids).

Vitamin K: A vitamin that is responsible for the synthesis of factors necessary for blood coagulation and clotting. It also increases energy and helps reduce symptoms of PMS and Menopause. It's widely available in food and is also manufactured in the gut. Vitamin K deficiency is very uncommon and large doses of can cause liver damage, jaundice and the breakdown of red blood cells.

Vitamins: These nutrients are divided into two groups: fat soluble or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitams are vitamins A, D, E and K and they can be stored in your body for months or even years. Water-soluble vitamins are in the vitamin B complex and vitamin C. Because they dissolve in water, they are easily lost from the body in urine, so you need a regular intake. B-complex vitamins also work synergistically, which means they are more potent when taken together than when taken separately. A deficiency of any vitamin will result in specific vitamin deficiency diseases, such as scurvy or pellagra.

Volatility: That rate at which a compound turns from a liquid to a gas (or evaporates) at room temperature. For example: essential oils are highly volatile.

W's

Water: The most abundant of all substances, comprising about 75% of the earth's surface and about 65% of the human body.

Wet Room: A treatment room that contains specialized hydrotherapy equipment, such as showers, hydrotherapy tubs and Scotch hoses, that remove spa products from clients' bodies.

White Light: Referred to as "combination light" because it is a combination of all the visible rays of the spectrum.

Whiteheads (Milia): Milia are whitish, pearl-like masses of sebum and dead cells under the skin. Milia are more common in dry skin types and may form after skin trauma, such as laser resurfacing.

Wood's Lamp: Filtered black light that is used to illuminate skin disorders, fungi, bacterial disorders and pigmentation.

X's

Y's

Yellow Light: Depending on the type of equipment, the LED (light-emitting diode) can be blue, red, yellow or green. Yellow light has been shown to reduce swelling and inflammation.

Z's

Zeolites: Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt coined the name Zeolite (by borrowing the words for "to boil" and "stone" from the Greeks) after observing that large amount of steam was released after rapidly heating the material stilbite. Zeolites are a group of minerals used as an absorbent in cosmetics and in non-clumping cat litter. Because of their ability to trap impurities, they are also widely used for water and oxygen purification. They have been shown to have anticancer properties. Their biggest use is in the production of laundry detergents. They also make lovely gemstones.

Zinc: is a metallic chemical element. There is growing evidence that zinc can be a significant anti-irritant and antioxidant that also helps build collagen, reduce signs of aging, protect against sun damage, accelerate wound healing, enhance immune function and clear acne. It can be found in most over-the-counter multi-vitamin supplements and is often used to reduce the length and severity of cold symptoms.

Zinc Oxide: is a white powder derived from zinc ore that has mild antiseptic, astringent and antibacterial properties. Usually available as a lubricating oitment, it can be applied topically to protect, soothe and heal the skin. It's gentle enough to apply to baby's skin for diaper rash and there's no risk of causing irritation or allergic reaction. It can also be found in anti-dandruff shampoos and also works as an inorganic sunscreen that reflects UVB rays.